Numerous interconnected physical, chemical, biological, and human-driven processes shape Earth’s climate system, driving both past and ongoing climate change. Understanding these requires an integrative and interdisciplinary approach that accounts for the complex interactions among its components. The cluster “Earth System Processes” seeks to advance the understanding of these processes and their interactions. By integrating state-of-the-art modeling, measurements, reconstructions, and data synthesis, we explore the dynamics of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere, with a strong emphasis on feedback mechanisms that influence local and global climate variability and long-term change.
